選擇詞義是理解原文的第一步,也是翻譯中的一大難題。
英語(yǔ)中一詞多義現(xiàn)象,可謂比比皆是。因此,我們必須通過(guò)原詞所在語(yǔ)境(context) 的邏輯關(guān)系,反復(fù)斟酌,作出適當(dāng)?shù)倪x擇,切忌望文生義,也不可草率地簡(jiǎn)單搬用詞典釋義。
分析原文的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu),是理解句意的重要方法,可以幫助我們理解各個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)層面關(guān)系。然而有些英語(yǔ)詞句的表層結(jié)構(gòu)與表達(dá)的語(yǔ)義之間存在著復(fù)雜的關(guān)系,若從表層形式分析理解,會(huì)誤入歧途。必須依靠語(yǔ)境,通過(guò)邏輯分析,才能作出正確的判斷。
一、詞匯問(wèn)題
有許多詞在聯(lián)合國(guó)文件中有固定譯法,如果出現(xiàn)在其他場(chǎng)合,不一定要(甚至一定不要)按聯(lián)合國(guó)文件里的固定譯法去譯。如programme在聯(lián)合國(guó)預(yù)算文件中譯為"方案",而在其他場(chǎng)合可以有多個(gè)譯法(意思)供酌情選用:綱領(lǐng)、大綱、程序、節(jié)目單、說(shuō)明書、時(shí)間表、課程……等等。
例:
(1) The reform agenda includes such wide-ranging items as…
改革計(jì)劃范圍廣泛,包括以下各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容……
(不按聯(lián)合國(guó)文件譯"議程"和"項(xiàng)目"。)
(2) Tickets can be obtained ad hoc at the entrance.
屆時(shí)可以在入口處領(lǐng)到入場(chǎng)券。
(不按聯(lián)合國(guó)文件譯"特設(shè)"。)
(3) Open-ended improvement of living standards
無(wú)止境地提高生活水平
(不按聯(lián)合國(guó)文件譯"不限人數(shù)的"。)
(4) An ad hoc approach
頭痛醫(yī)頭腳痛醫(yī)腳的辦法(或)治標(biāo)不治本
(不按聯(lián)合國(guó)文件譯"特設(shè)"。)
二、句法/邏輯問(wèn)題
語(yǔ)法是分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的入門向?qū)В坏扔诜g方法,要按邏輯關(guān)系確定譯法。比如,用which連接的從句,按語(yǔ)法分析是定語(yǔ)從句,但這個(gè)從句卻可能會(huì)有結(jié)果、讓步等邏輯關(guān)系;用when連接的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,可能會(huì)有條件關(guān)系,等等。
例:
(1) The democratic reforms have put an end to the system of feudal custom and have brought about radical changes in Tibet, which has now entered a new historic stage.
民主改革結(jié)束了封建傳統(tǒng)制度,給西藏帶來(lái)了根本性的變化,從而使西藏進(jìn)入了一個(gè)嶄新的歷史階段。(結(jié)果)
(2) A small old hotel where you are given a warm welcome is a much nicer place to stay than a large modern hotel where nobody smiles or does anything to help you.
一家旅館雖然又老又小,如果對(duì)你熱情接待,就比住那種既沒(méi)有微笑又不肯幫忙的現(xiàn)代化大酒店舒服多了。(條件)
(3) A nation whose people face starvation can hardly be blamed for failing to make debt payments.
如果一個(gè)國(guó)家的人民在忍饑挨餓,那就不好責(zé)備他們欠債不還了。(條件)
(4) This is the thinking of the Polish delegation, which is prepared to participate in the work of any consultative group set up.
這就是
波蘭代表團(tuán)的想法,不過(guò)我們準(zhǔn)備參加任何為此建立的協(xié)商小組的工作。(讓步)
(5) I hope that the suspicion that the Maltese Government has acted on external prompting will not prove prejudicial to the consideration of the proposal by those big Powers whose co-operation in the matter is indispensable.
我希望對(duì)于馬耳他政府是否由于外界慫恿而這樣做的那種猜疑將不致使那些大國(guó)對(duì)于這個(gè)建議的考慮產(chǎn)生任何成見,因?yàn)榇髧?guó)在這件事情上的合作是必不可少的。(原因)
(6) His delegation considered that the Commission had reached a correct solution when it had decided to formulate the text of the article without referring to the issue of dispute settlement.
他的代表團(tuán)認(rèn)為委員會(huì)找到了一個(gè)正確的解決辦法,即決定在擬定條款案文時(shí)不提爭(zhēng)端解決的問(wèn)題。(同位語(yǔ))
以上原則也適用于分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)等結(jié)構(gòu)。
例:
(7) But having embarked on a series of measures of unprecedented severity, at considerable cost and still greater risk to ourselves, in order to secure the return of the Rhodesian people to their true allegiance and to constitutional courses of action, we have the right to ask every Member of this Assembly to give us their fullest support.
但是,既然我們已經(jīng)付出很大代價(jià)并冒著比所付代價(jià)更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)開始采取一系列空前嚴(yán)厲的措施以使羅德西亞人民恢復(fù)他們的真正歸屬并重新按憲法行事,那么我們就有權(quán)要求大會(huì)的每一個(gè)會(huì)員國(guó)給予我們最充分的支持。(原因)
(8) … and that subject, I submit, is vast enough and important enough to merit consideration on its own without being complicated with other marine problems which, though undoubtedly related, are nevertheless not strictly relevant to this present discussion.
……而這個(gè)題目,即使不把別的海洋問(wèn)題和它扯在一起,我認(rèn)為其本身的廣泛和重要就足以值得我們加以考慮了,雖然那些問(wèn)題無(wú)疑跟它有關(guān)系,但在目前的討論中卻不是十分切題的。